Caracterización epidemiológica del cáncer de pancreas en Solca Guayaquil: período 2015-2021 / Epidemiological characterization of pancreatic cancer in Solca Guayaquil: period 2015-2021

Dentro de los cánceres, el tumor maligno de páncreas sigue siendo una neoplasia altamente letal y se tiene dificultad en el diagnóstico temprano, por lo que hay que evaluar de manera sistemática el comportamiento epidemiológico de esta enfermedad. OBJETIVO: determinar las características epidemiológicas del cáncer de páncreas de los pacientes atendidos en el hospital SOLCA Guayaquil, entre los años 2015 al 2021. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: observacional, de diseño transversal, tipo descriptivo; en los pacientes vistos por primera vez con tumor maligno de páncreas atendidos en el hospital de SOLCA y que sean residentes de Guayaquil; excluyéndose los pacientes diagnosticados en otras instituciones. RESULTADOS: durante el período 2015-2021 el cáncer de páncreas se incrementó, del año 2015 con 4,8% al 2021 de 29,3%; es corroborado con la tendencia lineal con porcentaje de variabilidad del 81%; según sexo hubo un cambio en la presentación entre hombres y mujeres en la incidencia; más en mujeres con 56,9%. el grupo de edad mayormente afectado en ambos sexos fue de 50-70 años (76,6%); topográficamente el Tumor maligno de páncreas, parte no especificada fue del 49,7%, Tumor maligno de cabeza del páncreas con 27,5% y morfológicamente el adenocarcinoma SAI (31,7%) y adenocarcinoma del conducto SAI (11,4%). CONCLUSIÓN: el cáncer de páncreas viene incrementándose, con mayor proporción en mujeres entre 50-70 años de edad; topográficamente el Tumor maligno de páncreas, parte no especificada y morfológicamente el adenocarcinoma SAI fueron lo más frecuentes; por lo que se debe explorar métodos que permitan un diagnóstico temprano

Within cancers, malignant tumor of pancreas continues to be a lethal neoplasm and early diagnosis is difficult, for epidemiological behavior must be systematically evaluated. OBJECTIVE: determine the epidemiological characteristics of pancreatic cancer in patients treated at the SOLCA Guayaquil hospital, between 2015 and 2021. MATERIALS AND METHOD: observational, cross-sectional design, descriptive type; in patients seen for the first time with a malignant tumor of the pancreas treated at the SOLCA hospital and who are residents of Guayaquil; excluding patients diagnosed in other institutions. RESULTS: during the 2015-2021 period, pancreatic cancer increased, from 2015 with 4.8% to 2021 with 29.3%; it is corroborated with the linear trend with a percentage of variability of 81%; According to sex, there was a change in the presentation between men and women in the incidence; more in women with 56.9%. the most affected age group in both sexes was 50-70 years (76.6%); topographically, malignant tumor of the pancreas, part not specified was 49.7%, malignant tumor of the head of the pancreas with 27.5% and morphologically, adenocarcinoma SAI (31.7%) and duct adenocarcinoma SAI (11.4%). CONCLUSION: pancreatic cancer has been increasing, with a higher proportion in women between 50-70 years of age; topographically, malignant tumor of the pancreas, unspecified part and morphologically, adenocarcinoma SAI were the most frequent; Therefore, methods that allow an early diagnosis should be explored.

Recent dengue virus infection: epidemiological survey on risk factors associated with infection in a medium-sized city in Mato Grosso

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Dengue is considered to be the most important arbovirus worldwide, with important complications that increase its lethality. In Brazil, an endemic country, the disease reaches significant incidence levels, with occurrences of serious cases and high costs of hospitalizations for its treatment. OBJECTIVE: To analyze risk factors among individuals with recent histories of dengue infection in a medium-sized city in Mato Grosso. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive cross-sectional study, of epidemiological-survey type, conducted among the urban population of a city located in mid-northern Mato Grosso. METHODS: A seroepidemiological survey using questionnaires and collection of biological material was conducted among 596 adults aged ≥ 18 years who had been selected through a cluster sampling process. Positive dengue cases were those with positive results from anti-dengue immunoassays (ELISA). Statistical analyses with descriptive and inferential techniques were used, with 95% confidence intervals and a 5% significance level. RESULTS: The seroepidemiological profile of the study participants was predominantly female, with ages between 18 and 39 years, self-declared non-white race/color, not more than eight years of education and not living with a companion. Among the sanitary factors analyzed, the following were risk factors for dengue virus infection: no running water at home; no water supply from the public piped network; no waste from drains or toilets sent to the sewage network; endemic disease combat agents visiting the home; and presence of mosquito breeding sites at home. CONCLUSION: Low schooling levels and previous dengue virus infection were associated with current dengue virus infection.

Comportamiento clinicoepidemiológico de los pacientes con diagnóstico de úlcera grave de la córnea / Clinical and epidemiological behavior of patients suffering severe corneal ulcers

Objetivo: describir el comportamiento clinicoepidemiológico de la úlcera grave de la córnea en pacientes ingresados en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, entre los años 2010 y 2014. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, de corte transversal, de 223 pacientes. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, procedencia, ocupación, enfermedades oculares y sistémicas, cirugía previa, trauma no quirúrgico, uso de lentes de contacto, esteroides previos, tiempo de evolución, forma clínica y germen aislado. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron porcentajes, media, prueba no paramétrica de probabilidad exacta de Fisher, chi cuadrado de Pearson y prueba U de Mann Whitney. Resultados: la edad promedio fue de 46,3 ± 21,9. Predominaron los pacientes con edades de 60 años o más (31,4 por ciento), sexo masculino (57,0 por ciento), procedencia rural (57,8 por ciento). El uso de lentes de contacto (22,4 por ciento) fue el factor predisponente más frecuente. La mediana de los días de evolución al ingreso fue de 7,0 días. La forma clínica de presentación más frecuente fue la úlcera estromal (86,5 por ciento) y la úlcera corneal perforada (7,2 por ciento). En el 69,2 por ciento de los cultivos se obtuvieron bacterias, a predominio de las gram negativas (Pseudomona). El 33,3 por ciento correspondió a hongos filamentosos. Conclusiones: la queratitis infecciosa grave se caracteriza por su presencia en adultos mayores, sexo masculino y procedencia rural. El factor predisponente más frecuente es el uso de lentes de contacto. Las bacterias gram negativas se aíslan con mayor frecuencia(AU)

Objective: to describe the clinical and epidemiological behavior of severe corneal ulcer in patients admitted to Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from 2010 through 2014. Methods: observational and cross-sectional study of 223 patients.. The following variables were studied: age, sex, origin, occupation, eye and systemic diseases, previous surgery, non-surgical trauma, contact lens wear, previous steroids, duration, clinical form and isolated germ. For the statistical analysis, the study used percentages, means, nonparametric Fisher´s exact probability test, Pearson´s Chi Square, Mann Whitney´s U test. Results: mean age was 46,3 ± 21,9. Patients aged 60 years or older (31,4 percent), males (57,0 percent), rural origin (57,8 percent) predominated. Wearing contact lenses (22,4 percent) was the most common predisposing factor. The median of days of progression on admission was 7 days. The most frequent clinical form of presentation was stromal ulcer (86,5 percent) and perforated corneal ulcer (7,2 percent). In 69,2 percent of cultures, bacteria was obtained, being the Gram negative (Pseudomonas) predominant. The 33,3 percent of cultures were filamentous fungi. Conclusions: severe infectious keratitis was present in older adults, males and of rural origin. The most common predisposing factor was the contact lens wear. Gram negative bacteria were more frequently isolated(AU)

Aspectos epidemiológicos da malária por Plasmodium vivax no Brasil / Epidemiological aspects of malaria by Plasmodium vivax in Brazil

Introdução: No Brasil, 99% do total de ocorrências de malária concentram-se na região da Amazônia brasileira. Na região Extra-amazônica são escassos os estudos referenciando os casos de malária, visto que o maior número de episódios de malária ocorrerem na região Amazônica. A malária é um agravo infeccioso febril produzido por protozoários do gênero Plasmodium. Nas Américas e no Brasil, predominam duas espécies parasitárias: P. vivax e P. falciparum, com predomínio deste evento nas zonas tropicais e sub-tropicais e está associado a fatores climáticos e ambientais, sejam elas antrópicas ou não, a fatores sócio-culturais e econômicos, e fatores biológicos do hospedeiro intermediário (homem) e definitivo (vetor) e do agente etiológico. Objetivo: Analisar a situação epidemiológica e a distribuição espaçotemporal da malária por Plasmodium vivax no Brasil. Método: Estudo ecológico da distribuição geográfica dos casos confirmados de malária, internações, óbitos e letalidade por malária em indivíduos residentes na região da Amazônia brasileira e Extra amazônica, a partir dos bancos de dados do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica ­ (SIVEP-Malária), Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação ­ (SINAN), Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH-SUS) e Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM), compreendendo as ocorrências por Unidades da Federação da região Amazônica e Extra-amazônica e segundo a espécie parasitária infectante. Resultados: Na região Amazônica, no período de 2003 a 2011, foram notificados 3.736.894 casos, destes 2.955.618 por P. vivax e 734.483 por P. falciparum, correspondendo à razão P. vivax/P. falciparum (V/F) de 4,0 casos por malária vivax para cada ocorrência por malária falciparum. Na distribuição mensal dos casos de malária, observaram-se valores mais elevados nos meses de julho a outubro, picos principalmente nos meses de julho e agosto. Na região Extra-amazônica entre 2001 a 2011, das 11.874 lâminas positivas para malária, 48,3% foram por P. vivax, 20% por P. falciparum e 8,6% por infecções mistas (P. vivax + P. falciparum). As infecções por Plasmodium vivax foram mais frequentes entre os anos de 2001 e 2007 (χ2 = 1987,041; p = < 0,0001). Verificaram-se 15,2% casos autóctones 70,3% casos importados (χ2 = 4226,806; p = < 0,0001). As duas regiões em estudo totalizaram 41.465 internações por malária vivax e 32.182 por malária falciparum entre 2000 e 2011. Destaca-se o acréscimo anual das internações por malária vivax, espécie considerada como benigna. Dos 1.229 óbitos por malária, 1.044 (85%) ocorreram no âmbito hospitalar, no qual 924 (88,5%) óbitos ocorreram na região Amazônica e 120 (11,5%) na área Extraamazônica do país. Conclusões: No que se refere à sazonalidade, as proporções de ocorrência de malária foram maiores no período seco, quando comparado ao período intermediário e chuvoso, apresentando importante variação sazonal. Na região Extraamazônica, o monitoramento contínuo da epidemiologia da malária autóctone e importada, em especial a cada alteração do Plasmodium persistente constitui-se como uma importante ferramenta para o controle e elaboração das atividades de vigilância em saúde em áreas não endêmicas. A Amazônia brasileira apresentou percentual maior de internações e óbitos, verificou-se tendência da taxa de letalidade crescente em ambas as regiões, a partir de 2005, apesar da taxa de letalidade da região extraamazônica, durante todo o período ser superior (taxa média de 3,2%), enquanto que a da Amazônia foi de 0,9%. Os estados da região Amazônica apresentaram tendência decrescente das taxas de internação ao longo do período, com importante predominância das internações por malaria vivax.

Introduction: In Brazil 99% of the total incidence of malaria are concentrated in the Brazilian Amazon region. Extra-Amazonian region is scarce studies referencing malaria cases, since the greater number of episodes of malaria occur in the Amazon region. Malaria is an infectious febrile injury caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium. In the Americas and Brazil, two parasitic species predominate: P. vivax and P. falciparum. Predominance of this event in the tropics and sub-tropics and is associated with environmental and climatic factors, whether or not antropúrgicas, the socio-cultural and economic factors and biological intermediate host (man) and final (vector) and etiologic agent. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological situation and the spatial-temporal distribution of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Brazil. Methods: An ecological study of the geographical distribution of confirmed cases of malaria, hospitalizations, deaths and mortality from malaria in individuals living in the Brazilian Amazon region and Extra-Amazonian. From the databases of the Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica ­ (SIVEP-Malária), Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação ­ (SINAN), Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH-SUS) and Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM). Understanding occurrences by Federative Units of the Amazon region and Extra-Amazonian and according to the parasite species infecting. Results: In the Amazon region in the period 2003-2011 were reported 3,736,894 cases positive, 2,955,618 of these cases by P. vivax and 734 483 P. falciparum corresponding to the ratio P. vivax/P. falciparum (V/F) of 4.0 vivax malaria positive cases for each occurrence falciparum malaria. Distribution of malaria cases per month, it was observed higher values in the months from July to October, peaks mainly in the months of July and August each year. Extra-Amazonian region between 2001 to 2011 of 11,874 slides positive for malaria, 48.3% were due to P. vivax, 20% for P. falciparum and 8.6% for mixed infections (P. vivax + P. falciparum). Plasmodium vivax were more frequent between the years 2001 and 2007 (χ2 = 1987.041, p = <0.0001), in subsequent years there was an increase in infections by P. falciparum and mixed infections. It was found 15.2% 70.3% native cases imported cases (χ2 = 4226.806, p = <0.0001). The two regions under study totaled 41,465 admissions for malaria vivax and falciparum malaria by 32,182 between 2000 and 2011. Noteworthy is the annual increase of admissions for malaria vivax, a species considered benign and self-limited. Of the 1,229 deaths from malaria, 1,044 (85%) occurred in the hospital, in which 924 (88.5%) deaths occurred in the Amazon region and 120 (11.5%) on the Extra-Amazonian country. Conclusions: With regard to the seasonality of malaria occurrence ratios were higher in the dry compared to the period intermediate and rainy, presenting substantial seasonal variation in prevalence of this event during the dry period. ExtraAmazonian region in the continuous monitoring of the epidemiology of imported and autochthonous malaria, especially every change of Plasmodium persistent constitutes an important tool for the control and development of health surveillance activities in non-endemic areas. The Brazilian Amazon presented a higher rate of hospitalizations and deaths, there was a trend of increasing mortality in both regions since 2005, despite the lethality of extra-Amazonian region throughout the period is higher (average rate of 3.2 %), whereas the Amazon was 0.9%. The states of the Amazon region showed a downward trend in rates of hospitalization over the period, with significant predominance of admissions for malaria vivax.

Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica de la miopía en la población infantil de un municipio de Venezuela / Clinical-epidemiological characterization of myopia in children from a Venezuelan municipality

INTRODUCCIÓN. La pesquisa activa de afecciones oftalmológicas y la detección precoz y tratamiento adecuado de estos defectos en la infancia previene afectaciones futuras de la salud visual con elevado costo en la calidad de vida. Esta investigación se realizó con el propósito de describir el comportamiento clínico-epidemiológico de la miopía en la población infantil, entre 5 y 15 años, del municipio Rafael Urdaneta del estado de Miranda (Venezuela), durante el segundo semestre del 2008. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, color de la piel y características clínico-epidemiológicas del defecto refractivo: grado, síntomas, signos, enfermedades oculares asociadas, antecedentes familiares de miopía y antecedentes patológicos familiares y personales de enfermedades sistémicas y oculares. El universo y la muestra estuvieron conformados por pacientes entre 5 y 15 años de edad, con diagnóstico de miopía, a los que se aplicaron criterios de inclusión (muestra de 104 pacientes). El procesamiento y análisis de los datos se realizó mediante estadígrafos descriptivos. RESULTADOS. La miopía predominó en pacientes entre 10 y 15 años (57,7 por ciento), en uno y otro sexo, aunque en el femenino fue ligeramente más frecuente entre el total de casos (58,7), así como entre los mestizos (54,8 por ciento). La miopía leve fue el defecto más común (61,5 por ciento) y la disminuci¾n visual para lejos y de la hendidura palpebral, el síntoma y signo más representados (100 por ciento y 91,3 por ciento del total de pacientes, respectivamente). El 47,1 por ciento de los miopes tenía el antecedente familiar de miopía, y el asma bronquial fue el antecedente sistémico más importante. CONCLUSIONES. La miopía leve fue el defecto más común hallado en la población estudiada, frecuencia que se incrementó con la edad y en presencia de los factores de riesgo

INTRODUCTION. The active screening of the ophthalmologic affections, the early detection and the appropriate treatment of these defects during childhood prevent future affection of visual health with a high cost in quality of life. The objective of present research was to describe the clinical-epidemiological behavior of myopia in children aged 5-15 from the Rafael Urdaneta municipality of Miranda state, Venezuela during the second trimester of 2008. METHODS. A cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study was conducted. The variables analyzed included age, sex, skin color and clinical-epidemiological features of refractive defect: degree, signs, symptoms, associated ocular diseases, family background of myopia and family and personal pathological backgrounds of systemic and ocular diseases. The universe and sample included patients aged between 5 -15 diagnosed with myopia applying inclusion criteria (sample of 104 patients). The data analysis and processing was by descriptive statistical techniques. RESULTS. There was predominance of myopia among 10 and 15 years old (57,7 percent in both sexes, although in the female one it was slightly more frequent among the cases (58,7 percent), as well as among the half-castes (54,8 percent). The mild myopia was the commonest defect (61,5 percent) and the visual decrease from a distance and the palpebral cleavage were the more represented sign and symptom (100 percent and 91.3 percent of patients, respectively). The 47,1 percent of myopic persons had the background of family myopia and the bronchial asthma was the more significant systemic background. CONCLUSIONS. The mild myopia was the commonest defect found in study population whose frequency increasing with age and in presence of risk factors

Mecanismos biológicos implicados en el comportamiento epidemiológico y patogénico de la influenza / Biological mechanisms involved in epidemiological and pathogenic behavior of influenza

La influenza estacional y pandémica continúa siendo un desafío para los investigadores y clínicos. Se realiza una revisión de los mecanismos biológicos implicados en el comportamiento epidemiológico y patogénico de la influenza, así como de algunos aspectos generales de sus manifestaciones clínicas y la terapéutica antiviral

The seasonal and pandemic influenza remains as a challenge for researchers and clinicians. Authors carry out a review of biological mechanisms involved in epidemiological and pathogenic of influenza, as well as of some general features of its clinical manifestations and the antiviral therapy